法国人权宣言 1789年
[ 2015-10-29 17:13:15 | 作者: wrrx ]
人权宣言
法国国民议会，1789年8月26日
起草：穆尼埃
不满路易十六召开的三级会议的人们愤而组成国民议会，并提出制定宪法的要求，路易十六却强令解散议会，并且调集大批军队集结巴黎附近。民众们推翻了国王，并且开始以新的理想来设计国家的方向。代表认为，无视、遗忘或蔑视人权是公众不幸和政府腐败的唯一原因，所以决定把自然的、不可剥夺的和神圣的人权阐明于庄严的宣言之中，以便本宣言可以经常呈现在社会各个成员之前，使他们不断地想到他们的权利和义务；以便立法权的决议和行政权的决定能随时和整个政治机构的目标两相比较，从而能更加受到他们的尊重；以便公民们今后以简单而无可争辩的原则为根据的那些要求能确保宪法与全体幸福之维护。
因此，国民议会在上帝面前并在他的庇护之下确认了十七条权利，它庄严宣布：
第一条 在权利方面，人们生来是而且始终是自由平等的。只有在公共利用上面才显出社会上的差别。
第二条 任何政治结合的目的都在于保存人的自然的和不可动摇的权利。这些权利就是自由、财产、安全和反抗压迫。
第三条 整个主权的本原主要是寄托于国民。任何团体、任何个人都不得行使主权所未明白授予的权力。
第四条 自由就是指有权从事一切无害于他人的行为。因此，各人的自然权利的行使，只以保证社会上其他成员能享有同样权利为限制。此等限制仅得由法律规定之。
第五条 法津仅有权禁止有害于社会的行为。凡未经法律禁止的行为即不得受到妨碍，而且任何人都不得被迫从事法律所未规定的行为。
第六条 法津是公共意志的表现。全国公民都有权亲身或经由其代表去参预法律的制定。法律对于所有的人，无论是施行保护或处罚都是一样的。在法律面前，所有的公民都是平等的，故他们都能平等地按其能力担任一切官职，公共职位和职务，除德行和才能上的差别外不得有其他差别。
第七条 除非在法律所规定的情况下并按照法律所指示的手续，不得控告、逮捕或拘留任何人。凡动议、发布、执行或令人执行专断命令者应受处罚；但根据法律而被传唤或被扣押的公民应当立即服从；抗拒则构成犯罪。
第八条 法律只应规定确实需要和显然不可少的刑罚，而且除非根据在犯法前已经制定和公布的且系依法施行的法律以外，不得处罚任何人。
第九条 任何人在其未被宣告为犯罪以前应被推定为无罪，即使认为必须予以逮捕，但为扣留其人身所不需要的各种残酷行为都应受到法律的严厉制裁。
第十条 意见的发表只要不扰乱法律所规定的公共秩序，任何人都不得因其意见、甚至信教的意见而遭受干涉。
第十一条 自由传达思想和意见是人类最宝贵的权利之一；因此，各个公民都有言论、著述和出版的自由，但在法律所规定的情况下，应对滥用此项自由负担责任。
第十二条 人权的保障需要有武装的力量；因此，这种力量是为了全体的利益而不是为了此种力量的受任人的个人利益而设立的。
第十三条 为了武装力量的维持和行政管理的支出，公共赋税就成为必不可少的；赋税应在全体公民之间按其能力作平等的分摊。
第十四条 所有公民都有权亲身或由其代表来确定赋税的必要性，自由地加以认可注意其用途，决定税额、税率、客体、征收方式和时期。
第十五条 社会有权要求机关公务人员报告其工作。
第十六条 凡权利无保障和分权未确立的社会，就没有宪法。
第十七条 财产是神圣不可侵犯的权利，除非当合法认定的公共需要所显然必需时，且在公平而预先赔偿的条件下，任何人的财产不得受到剥夺。
以下是潘恩的英译本出自他的名著《人权论》，内容如下：
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens by The National Assembly of France
The representatives of the people of FRANCE， formed into a NATIONAL ASSEMBLY， considering that ignorance， neglect， or contempt of human rights， are the sole causes of public misfortunes and corruptions of Government， have resolved to set forth in a solemn declaration， these natural， imprescriptible， and inalienable rights： that this declaration being constantly present to the minds of the members of the body social， they may be forever kept attentive to their rights and their duties； that the acts of the legislative and executive powers of Government， being capable of being every moment compared with the end of political institutions， may be more respected； and also， that the future claims of the citizens， being directed by simple and incontestable principles， may always tend to the maintenance of the Constitution， and the general happiness.
For these reasons the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY doth recognize and declare， in the presence of the Supreme Being， and with the hope of his blessing and favour， the following sacred rights of men and of citizens：
One：
Men are born， and always continue， free and equal in respect of their rights. Civil distinctions， therefore， can be founded only on public utility.
Two：
The end of all political associations is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man； and these rights are liberty， property， security， and resistance of oppression.
Three：
The nation is essentially the source of all sovereignty； nor can any individual， or any body of men， be entitled to any authority which is not expressly derived from it.
Four：
Political liberty consists in the power of doing whatever does not injure another. The exercise of the natural rights of every man， has no other limits than those which are necessary to secure to every other man the free exercise of the same rights； and these limits are determinable only by the law
Five：
The law ought to prohibit only actions hurtful to society. What is not prohibited by the law should not be hindered； nor should anyone be compelled to that which the law does not require
Six：
The law is an expression of the will of the community. All citizens have a right to concur， either personally or by their representatives， in its formation. It should be the same to all， whether it protects or punishes； and all being equal in its sight， are equally eligible to all honours， places， and employments， according to their different abilities， without any other distinction than that created by their virtues and talents
Seven：
No man should be accused， arrested， or held in confinement， except in cases determined by the law， and according to the forms which it has prescribed. All who promote， solicit， execute， or cause to be executed， arbitrary orders， ought to be punished， and every citizen called upon， or apprehended by virtue of the law， ought immediately to obey， and renders himself culpable by resistance.
Eight：
The law ought to impose no other penalties but such as are absolutely and evidently necessary； and no one ought to be punished， but in virtue of a law promulgated before the offence， and legally applied.
Nine：
Every man being presumed innocent till he has been convicted， whenever his detention becomes indispensable， all rigour to him， more than is necessary to secure his person， ought to be provided against by the law.
Ten：
No man ought to be molested on account of his opinions， not even on account of his religious opinions， provided his avowal of them does not disturb the public order established by the law.
Eleven：
The unrestrained communication of thoughts and opinions being one of the most precious rights of man， every citizen may speak， write， and publish freely， provided he is responsible for the abuse of this liberty， in cases determined by the law.
Twelve：
A public force being necessary to give security to the rights of men and of citizens， that force is instituted for the benefit of the community and not for the particular benefit of the persons to whom it is intrusted.
Thirteen：
A common contribution being necessary for the support of the public force， and for defraying the other expenses of government， it ought to be divided equally among the members of the community， according to their abilities.
Fourteen：
Every citizen has a right， either by himself or his representative， to a free voice in determining the necessity of public contributions， the appropriation of them， and their amount， mode of assessment， and duration.
Fifteen：
Every community has a right to demand of all its agents an account of their conduct.
Sixteen：
Every community in which a separation of powers and a security of rights is not provided for， wants a constitution.
Seventeen：
The right to property being inviolable and sacred， no one ought to be deprived of it， except in cases of evident public necessity， legally ascertained， and on condition of a previous just indemnity.
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